Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their (at 25 °C 77 °F, 100 kPa). N ( Y N?) Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a, an with the N 2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful similar to molecular oxygen. It is soluble in water.
Nitrous oxide has significant, especially in and, for its and effects. Its name 'laughing gas', coined byis due to the effects upon inhaling it, a property that has led to its as a anaesthetic. It is on the, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It also is used as an oxidizer in, and in to increase the power output of. Nitrous oxide occurs in small amounts in the atmosphere, but recently has been found to be a major scavenger of, with an impact comparable to that of. It is estimated that 30% of the N 2O in the atmosphere is the result of human activity, chiefly. Contents.
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Uses Rocket motors Nitrous oxide may be used as an in a motor. This is advantageous over other oxidisers in that it is much less toxic, and due to its stability at room temperature is also easier to store and relatively safe to carry on a flight. As a secondary benefit, it may be decomposed readily to form breathing air. Its high density and low storage pressure (when maintained at low temperature) enable it to be highly competitive with stored high-pressure gas systems. In a 1914 patent, American rocket pioneer suggested nitrous oxide and gasoline as possible propellants for a liquid-fuelled rocket. Nitrous oxide has been the oxidiser of choice in several designs (using solid fuel with a liquid or gaseous oxidizer).
The combination of nitrous oxide with fuel has been used by and others. It also is notably used in and with various plastics as the fuel.
Nitrous oxide also may be used in a. In the presence of a heated, N 2O will decompose exothermically into nitrogen and oxygen, at a temperature of approximately 1,070 °F (577 °C). Because of the large heat release, the catalytic action rapidly becomes secondary, as thermal autodecomposition becomes dominant. In a vacuum thruster, this may provide a monopropellant ( I sp) of as much as 180 s.
While noticeably less than the I sp available from thrusters (monopropellant or with ), the decreased toxicity makes nitrous oxide an option worth investigating. Nitrous oxide is said to at approximately 600 °C (1,112 °F) at a pressure of 309 psi (21 atmospheres). At 600 psi for example, the required ignition energy is only 6 joules, whereas N 2O at 130 psi a 2500-joule ignition energy input is insufficient. Internal combustion engine.
Main article: In vehicle, nitrous oxide (often referred to as just ') allows the engine to burn more fuel by providing more oxygen than air alone, resulting in a more powerful combustion. The gas is not flammable at a low pressure/temperature, but it delivers more than atmospheric air by breaking down at elevated temperatures. Therefore, it often is mixed with another fuel that is easier to deflagrate. Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidant, roughly equivalent to hydrogen peroxide, and much stronger than oxygen gas.
Nitrous oxide is stored as a compressed liquid; the and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the causes a large drop in intake charge temperature, resulting in a denser charge, further allowing more air/fuel mixture to enter the cylinder. Sometimes nitrous oxide is injected into (or prior to) the intake manifold, whereas other systems directly inject, right before the cylinder (direct port injection) to increase power. The technique was used during by aircraft with the system to boost the power output of.
Originally meant to provide the Luftwaffe standard aircraft with superior high-altitude performance, technological considerations limited its use to extremely high altitudes. Accordingly, it was only used by specialized planes such as high-altitude, and high-altitude. It sometimes could be found on Luftwaffe aircraft also fitted with another engine-boost system, a form of for aviation engines that used for its boost capabilities. One of the major problems of using nitrous oxide in a reciprocating engine is that it can produce enough power to damage or destroy the engine. Very large power increases are possible, and if the mechanical structure of the engine is not properly reinforced, the engine may be severely damaged, or destroyed, during this kind of operation. It is very important with nitrous oxide augmentation of to maintain proper and fuel levels to prevent 'pre-ignition', or 'detonation' (sometimes referred to as 'knock').
Most problems that are associated with nitrous oxide do not come from mechanical failure due to the power increases. Since nitrous oxide allows a much denser charge into the cylinder, it dramatically increases cylinder pressures. The increased pressure and temperature can cause problems such as melting the piston or valves.
It also may crack or warp the piston or head and cause pre-ignition due to uneven heating. Automotive-grade liquid nitrous oxide differs slightly from medical-grade nitrous oxide. A small amount of ( SO 2) is added to prevent substance abuse. Multiple washes through a base (such as ) can remove this, decreasing the corrosive properties observed when SO 2 is further oxidised during combustion into, making emissions cleaner. Aerosol propellant. Food grade N 2O The gas is approved for use as a (also known as E942), specifically as an.
Its most common uses in this context are in aerosol canisters. The gas is extremely soluble in fatty compounds.
In aerosol whipped cream, it is dissolved in the fatty cream until it leaves the can, when it becomes gaseous and thus creates foam. Used in this way, it produces whipped cream four times the volume of the liquid, whereas whipping air into cream only produces twice the volume. If air were used as a propellant, oxygen would accelerate of the butterfat, but nitrous oxide inhibits such degradation. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for whipped cream because it is acidic in water, which would curdle the cream and give it a seltzer-like 'sparkling' sensation. The whipped cream produced with nitrous oxide is unstable, however, and will return to a more liquid state within half an hour to one hour.
Thus, the method is not suitable for decorating food that will not be served immediately. During December 2016, some manufacturers reported a shortage of aerosol whipped creams in the United States due to an explosion at the nitrous oxide facility in in late August.
With a major facility offline, the disruption caused a shortage resulting in the company diverting the supply of nitrous oxide to medical clients rather than to food manufacturing. The shortage came during the when canned whipped cream use is normally at its highest. Similarly, which is made from various types of oils combined with (an ), may use nitrous oxide as a. Other propellants used in cooking spray include food-grade. Medicine.
Medical grade N 2O tanks used in Nitrous oxide has been used in dentistry and surgery, as an anaesthetic and analgesic, since 1844. In the early days, the gas was administered through simple inhalers consisting of a breathing bag made of rubber cloth. Today, the gas is administered in hospitals by means of an automated, with an and a, that delivers a precisely dosed and breath-actuated flow of in a 2:1 ratio. Nitrous oxide is a weak, and so is generally not used alone in general anaesthesia, but used as a carrier gas (mixed with oxygen) for more powerful general anaesthetic drugs such as. It has a of 105% and a of 0.46.
The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia, however, can increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Dentists use a simpler machine, that only delivers a N 2O/ O 2 mixture for the patient to inhale while conscious. The patient is kept conscious throughout the procedure, and retains adequate mental faculties to respond to questions and instructions from the dentist. Inhalation of nitrous oxide is used frequently to relieve pain associated with, and (includes heart attacks). Its use during labour has been shown to be a safe and effective aid for birthing women.
Its use for acute coronary syndrome is of unknown benefit. In Britain and Canada, Entonox and Nitronox are used commonly by ambulance crews (including unregistered practitioners) as a rapid and highly effective analgesic gas. 50% nitrous oxide can be considered for use by trained non-professional first aid responders in prehospital settings, given the relative ease and safety of administering 50% nitrous oxide as an analgesic. The rapid reversibility of its effect would also prevent it from precluding diagnosis. Recreational use. Whippit remnants of recreational drug use, the Netherlands, 2017, with the purpose of causing and/or slight, began as a phenomenon for the British upper class in 1799, known as 'laughing gas parties'. Starting in the nineteenth century, widespread availability of the gas for medical and culinary purposes allowed the recreational use to expand greatly, throughout the world.
In the United Kingdom, as of 2014, nitrous oxide was estimated to be used by almost half a million young people at nightspots, festivals, and parties. The of that use varies greatly from country to country, and even from city to city in some countries. Safety The major safety hazards of nitrous oxide come from the fact that it is a compressed liquefied gas, an asphyxiation risk, and a.
While relatively non-toxic, nitrous oxide has a number of recognized ill effects on human health, whether through breathing it in or by contact of the liquid with skin or eyes. Nitrous oxide is a significant for surgeons, dentists, and nurses. Because nitrous oxide is minimally metabolised in humans (with a rate of 0.004%), it retains its potency when exhaled into the room by the patient, and can pose an intoxicating and prolonged exposure hazard to the clinic staff if the room is poorly ventilated. Where nitrous oxide is administered, a continuous-flow fresh-air or N 2O is used to prevent a waste-gas buildup. The recommends that workers' exposure to nitrous oxide should be controlled during the administration of anaesthetic gas in medical, dental, and veterinary operators. It set a (REL) of 25 (46 mg/m 3) to escaped anaesthetic.
Mental and manual impairment Exposure to nitrous oxide causes short-term decreases in mental performance, audiovisual ability, and manual dexterity. These effects coupled with the induced spatial and temporal disorientation could result in physical harm to the user from environmental hazards.
Neurotoxicity and neuroprotection Like other, N 2O was suggested to produce in the form of in rodents upon prolonged (several hour) exposure. New research has arisen suggesting that Olney's lesions do not occur in humans, however, and similar drugs such as are now believed not to be acutely neurotoxic. It has been argued that, because N 2O has a very short duration under normal circumstances, it is less likely to be neurotoxic than other NMDA antagonists.
Indeed, in rodents, short-term exposure results in only mild injury that is rapidly reversible, and neuronal death occurs only after constant and sustained exposure. Nitrous oxide also may cause neurotoxicity after extended exposure because of. This is especially true of non-medical formulations such as (also known as 'whippets' or 'nangs'), which never contain oxygen, since oxygen makes cream rancid. Additionally, nitrous oxide depletes levels. This can cause serious neurotoxicity if the user has preexisting. Nitrous oxide at 75% by volume reduces ischemia-induced neuronal death induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rodents, and decreases NMDA-induced Ca 2+ influx in neuronal cell cultures, a critical event involved in. Oxygen deprivation If pure nitrous oxide is inhaled without oxygen mixed in, this can eventually lead to oxygen deprivation resulting in loss of blood pressure, fainting and even heart attacks.
This can occur if the user inhales large quantities continuously, as with a strap-on mask connected to a gas canister. It can also happen if the user engages in excessive breath-holding or uses any other inhalation system that cuts off their supply of fresh air. Vitamin B 12 deficiency Long-term exposure to nitrous oxide may cause deficiency. It inactivates the cobalamin form of by oxidation. Symptoms of, including, and, may occur within days or weeks of exposure to nitrous oxide anaesthesia in people with subclinical vitamin B 12 deficiency. Symptoms are treated with high doses of vitamin B 12, but recovery can be slow and incomplete.
People with normal vitamin B 12 levels have stores to make the effects of nitrous oxide insignificant, unless exposure is repeated and prolonged (nitrous oxide abuse). Vitamin B 12 levels should be checked in people with risk factors for vitamin B 12 deficiency prior to using nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Prenatal development Several experimental studies in rats indicate that chronic exposure of pregnant females to nitrous oxide may have adverse effects on the developing fetus. Chemical/physical risks At room temperature (20 °C (68 °F)) the saturated vapour pressure is 50.525 bar, rising up to 72.45 bar at 36.4 °C (97.5 °F)—the. The pressure curve is thus unusually sensitive to temperature.
Liquid nitrous oxide acts as a good solvent for many; liquid mixtures may form shock sensitive explosives. As with many strong oxidisers, contamination of parts with fuels have been implicated in rocketry accidents, where small quantities of nitrous/fuel mixtures explode due to 'water hammer'-like effects (sometimes called 'dieseling'—heating due to compression of gases can reach decomposition temperatures). Some common building materials such as stainless steel and aluminium can act as fuels with strong oxidisers such as nitrous oxide, as can contaminants that may ignite due to adiabatic compression. There also have been incidents where nitrous oxide decomposition in plumbing has led to the explosion of large tanks.
Mechanism of action The pharmacological of N 2O in medicine is not fully known. However, it has been shown to directly modulate a broad range of, and this likely plays a major role in many of its effects. It moderately blocks and -containing, weakly inhibits, and, and slightly potentiates. It also has been shown to activate. While N 2O affects quite a few ion channels, its anaesthetic, and effects are likely caused predominantly, or fully, via inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents. In addition to its effects on ion channels, N 2O may act to imitate (NO) in the central nervous system, and this may be related to its and properties. Nitrous oxide is 30-40 times more soluble than nitrogen.
The effects of inhaling sub-anaesthetic doses of Nitrous Oxide have been known to vary, based on several factors, including settings and individual differences, however, from his discussion, Jay (2008) suggests that it has been reliably known to induce the following states and sensations:. Intoxication.
Euphoria/dysphoria. Spatial disorientation.
Temporal disorientation. Reduced pain sensitivity A minority of users also will present with uncontrolled vocalisations and muscular spasms. These effects generally disappear minutes after removal of the nitrous oxide source. Euphoric effect In rats, N 2O stimulates the via inducing release and activating in the and, presumably through localised in the system. This action has been implicated in its euphoric effects, and notably, appears to augment its analgesic properties as well. It is remarkable, however, that in mice, N 2O blocks -induced carrier-mediated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and, abolishes the (CPP) of and, and does not produce reinforcing (or aversive) effects of its own.
Effects of CPP of N 2O in rats are mixed, consisting of reinforcement, aversion, and no change. In contrast, it is a positive reinforcer in squirrel monkeys, and is well known as a in humans. These discrepancies in response to N 2O may reflect species variation or methodological differences. In human clinical studies, N 2O was found to produce mixed responses, similarly to rats, reflecting high subjective individual variability. Anxiolytic effect In behavioural tests of, a low dose of N 2O is an effective, and this anti-anxiety effect is associated with enhanced activity of GABA A receptors, as it is partially reversed. Mirroring this, animals that have developed tolerance to the anxiolytic effects of are partially tolerant to N 2O. Indeed, in humans given 30% N 2O, benzodiazepine receptor antagonists reduced the subjective reports of feeling 'high', but did not alter performance, in human clinical studies.
Analgesic effect The analgesic effects of N 2O are linked to the interaction between the system and the descending system. When animals are given chronically, they develop tolerance to its pain-killing effects, and this also renders the animals tolerant to the analgesic effects of N 2O. Administration of that bind and block the activity of some endogenous opioids (not ) also block the antinociceptive effects of N 2O. Drugs that inhibit the breakdown of endogenous opioids also potentiate the antinociceptive effects of N 2O. Several experiments have shown that opioid receptor antagonists applied directly to the brain block the antinociceptive effects of N 2O, but these drugs have no effect when injected into the.
Conversely, antagonists block the pain-reducing effects of N 2O when given directly to the spinal cord, but not when applied directly to the brain. Indeed, knockout mice or animals depleted in are nearly completely resistant to the antinociceptive effects of N 2O. Apparently N 2O-induced release of endogenous opioids causes disinhibition of noradrenergic neurons, which release into the spinal cord and inhibit pain signalling. Exactly how N 2O causes the release of endogenous opioid peptides remains uncertain. Properties and reactions Nitrous oxide is a colourless, non-toxic gas with a faint, sweet odour. Nitrous oxide supports combustion by releasing the oxygen radical, thus it can relight a glowing. N 2O is inert at room temperature and has few reactions.
At elevated temperatures, its reactivity increases. For example, nitrous oxide reacts with NaNH 2 at 460 K (187 °C) to give NaN 3: 2 NaNH 2 + N 2O → NaN 3 + NaOH + NH 3 The above reaction is the route adopted by the commercial chemical industry to produce azide salts, which are used as detonators. History The gas was first synthesised in 1772 by English and chemist who called it phlogisticated nitrous air (see ) or inflammable nitrous air.
Priestley published his discovery in the book Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1775), where he described how to produce the preparation of 'nitrous air diminished', by heating iron filings dampened with. Early use.
'LIVING MADE EASY' A satirical print from 1830 depicting administering a dose of laughing gas to a woman The first important use of nitrous oxide was made possible by and, who worked together to publish the book Considerations on the Medical Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs (1794). This book was important for two reasons. First, James Watt had invented a novel machine to produce 'Factitious Airs' (i.e. Nitrous oxide) and a novel 'breathing apparatus' to inhale the gas. Second, the book also presented the new medical theories by Thomas Beddoes, that and other lung diseases could be treated by inhalation of 'Factitious Airs'. Sir ’s Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide (1800), pages 556 and 557 (right), outlining potential anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide in relieving pain during surgery The machine to produce 'Factitious Airs' had three parts: a furnace to burn the needed material, a vessel with water where the produced gas passed through in a spiral pipe (for impurities to be 'washed off'), and finally the gas cylinder with a gasometer where the gas produced, 'air', could be tapped into portable air bags (made of airtight oily silk). The breathing apparatus consisted of one of the portable air bags connected with a tube to a mouthpiece.
With this new equipment being engineered and produced by 1794, the way was paved forwhich began in 1798 when established the ' for Relieving Diseases by Medical Airs' in. In the basement of the building, a large-scale machine was producing the gases under the supervision of a young, who was encouraged to experiment with new gases for patients to inhale. The first important work of Davy was examination of the nitrous oxide, and the publication of his results in the book: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1800). In that publication, Davy notes the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide at page 465 and its potential to be used for surgical operations at page 556. Davy coined the name 'laughing gas' for nitrous oxide. Despite Davy's discovery that inhalation of nitrous oxide could relieve a conscious person from pain, another 44 years elapsed before doctors attempted to use it for. The use of nitrous oxide as a at 'laughing gas parties', primarily arranged for the, became an immediate success beginning in 1799.
While the effects of the gas generally make the user appear stuporous, dreamy, and sedated, some people also 'get the giggles' in a state of euphoria, and frequently erupt in laughter. One of the earliest commercial producers in the U.S.
Was, cousin of the poet, who also was the first to liquefy the gas. Anaesthetic use.
Further information: The first time nitrous oxide was used as an drug in the treatment of a patient was when dentist, with assistance by and, demonstrated insensitivity to pain from a on 11 December 1844. In the following weeks, Wells treated the first 12–15 patients with nitrous oxide in, and according to his own record, only failed in two cases.
In spite of these convincing results having been reported by Wells to the medical society in in December 1844, this new method was not immediately adopted by other dentists. The reason for this was most likely that Wells, in January 1845 at his first public demonstration to the medical faculty in Boston, had been partly unsuccessful, leaving his colleagues doubtful regarding its efficacy and safety.
The method did not come into general use until 1863, when successfully started to use it in all his 'Colton Dental Association' clinics, that he had just established in. Over the following three years, Colton and his associates successfully administered nitrous oxide to more than 25,000 patients.
Today, nitrous oxide is used in dentistry as an, as an adjunct to. Nitrous oxide was not found to be a strong enough anaesthetic for use in major surgery in hospital settings, however. Instead, being a stronger and more potent anaesthetic, was demonstrated and accepted for use in October 1846, along with in 1847. When invented the 'gas-ether inhaler' in 1876, however, it became a common practice at hospitals to initiate all anaesthetic treatments with a mild flow of nitrous oxide, and then gradually increase the with the stronger ether or chloroform.
Clover's gas-ether inhaler was designed to supply the patient with nitrous oxide and ether at the same time, with the exact mixture being controlled by the operator of the device. It remained in use by many hospitals until the 1930s. Although hospitals today are using a more advanced, these machines still use the same principle launched with Clover's gas-ether inhaler, to initiate the anaesthesia with nitrous oxide, before the administration of a more powerful anaesthetic. As a patent medicine Colton's popularization of nitrous oxide led to its adoption by a number of less than reputable, who touted it as a cure for, and other diseases of the blood, throat, and lungs.
Nitrous oxide treatment was administered and licensed as a by the likes of and Jerome Harris in Boston and Charles E. Barney of Chicago. Production Reviewing various methods of producing nitrous oxde is published. Industrial methods. Nitrous oxide production Nitrous oxide is prepared on an industrial scale by careful heating of at about 250 C, which decomposes into nitrous oxide and water vapour.
NH 4NO 3 → 2 H 2O + N 2O The addition of various salts favours formation of a purer gas at slightly lower temperatures. This reaction may be difficult to control, resulting in. Laboratory methods The decomposition of ammonium nitrate is also a common laboratory method for preparing the gas. Equivalently, it can be obtained by heating a mixture of and: 2 NaNO 3 + ( NH 4) 2 SO 4 → Na 2SO 4 + 2 N 2O+ 4 H 2O. Another method involves the reaction of urea, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid: 2 (NH 2) 2CO + 2 HNO 3+ H 2SO 4 → 2 N 2O + 2 CO 2 + (NH 4) 2SO 4 + 2 H 2O. Direct oxidation of ammonia with a - catalyst has been reported: cf.
2 NH 3 + 2 O 2 → N 2O + 3 H 2O reacts with to give nitrous oxide. If the nitrite is added to the hydroxylamine solution, the only remaining by-product is salt water.
If the hydroxylamine solution is added to the nitrite solution (nitrite is in excess), however, then toxic higher oxides of nitrogen also are formed: NH 3OH Cl + NaNO 2 → N 2O + NaCl + 2 H 2O Treating HNO 3 with SnCl 2 and HCl also has been demonstrated: 2 HNO 3 + 8 HCl + 4 SnCl 2 → 5 H 2O + 4 SnCl 4 + N 2O decomposes to N 2O and water with a of 16 days at 25 °C at pH 1–3. H 2N 2O 2→ H 2O + N 2O Atmospheric occurrence Nitrous oxide is a minor component of Earth's atmosphere, currently with a of about 0.330.
Emissions by source As of 2010, it was estimated that about 29.5 million of N 2O (containing 18.8 million tonnes of nitrogen) were entering the atmosphere each year; of which 64% were natural, and 36% due to human activity. Most of the N 2O emitted into the atmosphere, from natural and anthropogenic sources, is produced by such as and in soils and oceans.
Soils under natural vegetation are an important source of nitrous oxide, accounting for 60% of all naturally produced emissions. Other natural sources include the oceans (35%) and atmospheric chemical reactions (5%). The main components of anthropogenic emissions are fertilized agricultural soils and livestock manure (42%), runoff and leaching of fertilizers (25%), biomass burning (10%), fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes (10%), biological degradation of other nitrogen-containing atmospheric emissions (9%), and human (5%). Agriculture enhances nitrous oxide production through soil cultivation, the use of, and animal waste handling. These activities stimulate naturally-occurring bacteria to produce more nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil can be challenging to measure as they vary markedly over time and space, and the majority of a year's emissions may occur when conditions are favorable during 'hot moments' and/or at favorable locations known as 'hotspots'. Among industrial emissions, the production of and are the largest sources of nitrous oxide emissions.
The adipic acid emissions specifically arise from the degradation of the intermediate derived from nitration of cyclohexanone. Biological processes Natural processes that generate nitrous oxide may be classified as. Greenhouse gas trends Nitrous oxide has significant as a. On a per-molecule basis, considered over a 100-year-period, nitrous oxide has 298 times the atmospheric heat-trapping ability of carbon dioxide ( CO 2), however, because of its low concentration (less than 1/1000 of that of CO 2), its contribution to the is less than one-third that of carbon dioxide, and also less than water vapour and methane. On the other hand, since 38% or more of the N 2O entering the atmosphere is the result of human activity, and its concentration has increased 15% since 1750, control of nitrous oxide is considered part of efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
A 2008 study by Nobel Laureate suggests that the amount of nitrous oxide release attributable to agricultural nitrate fertilizers has been seriously underestimated, most of which presumably, would come under soil and oceanic release in the Environmental Protection Agency data. Ozone layer depletion Nitrous oxide also has been implicated in.
A new study suggests that N 2O emission currently is the single most important ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emission and is expected to remain the largest throughout the twenty-first century. Legality In the, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to purview. It is, however, regulated by the under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its 'misbranding' clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of. Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide.
Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without special license. For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanour.
In August 2015, the of the banned the use of the drug for recreational purposes, making offenders liable to an on-the-spot fine of up to £1,000. In, the has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription, is an offense under the Medicines Act. This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of nitrous oxide, although it is implied that only recreational use will be targeted legally. In, transfer of nitrous oxide from bulk cylinders to smaller, more transportable E-type, 1590 liter-capacity tanks, is legal when the intended use of the gas is for medical anaesthesia. See also. References.
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